Introduction
Hemp seeds, derived from the Cannabis sativa plant have gained popularity in recent years due to their nutritional value and versatility (Rizzo et al., 2023). Unlike its close relative marijuana, hemp contains only trace amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compound responsible for the “high” associated with cannabis. Hemp seeds are rich in various nutrients and offer numerous health benefits (Farinon et al., 2020). Archaeological evidence suggests that hemp was one of the first plants to be cultivated by humans for various purposes (Rupasinghe et al., 2020). Ancient civilizations such as the Chinese, Egyptians and Mesopotamians used hemp for making textiles, ropes and paper. In some cultures, hemp has had religious or ceremonial significance. For example, in ancient Chinese culture hemp was associated with immortality.
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In Hinduism, hemp is considered one of the five sacred plants and is associated with the god Shiva. Hemp seeds have been used historically for their nutritional and medicinal properties (Singh et al., 2018). They are a rich source of essential nutrients, including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, protein and various vitamins and minerals. In the 20th century, hemp cultivation faced challenges due to its association with its psychoactive counterpart, marijuana. The prohibition of marijuana in many places also affected the cultivation of industrial hemp, despite its low THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) content (Visković et al., 2023). In recent decades, there has been a renewed interest in hemp due to its versatile uses and the recognition of its nutritional benefits. Many countries have revisited and revized their hemp regulations, allowing for the cultivation of industrial hemp with low THC content. Hemp is recognized for its environmental benefits. It requires less water and pesticides compared to some other crops and it can be used in sustainable agriculture practices (Kaur & Kander, 2023). Hemp seeds and hemp-derived products, such as CBD (cannabidiol) have gained popularity in the health and wellness industry. CBD is believed to have various potential health benefits.
Nutritional and Health Benefits
Hemp seeds are considered a nutritional powerhouse of nutrition, providing a well-balanced mix of essential fatty acids, protein, vitamins and minerals. They are particularly known for their high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which play a crucial role in heart health and brain function. Additionally, hemp seeds are a good source of protein, containing all nine essential amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own (Montero et al., 2023). Here are some key nutritional benefits of hemp seeds:
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Omega-6 Fatty Acids
Hemp seeds are an excellent source of polyunsaturated fats, particularly omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. These essential fatty acids play a crucial role in heart health, brain function and reducing inflammation in the body. Hemp seeds are an excellent source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid and omega-6 fatty acid respectively. These fatty acids are crucial for heart health, brain function, muscle growth and hormone production and also have anti-inflammatory properties. The combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids contributes to cardiovascular health by reducing the risk of coronary heart disease and improving lipid profiles. (Rupasinghe et al., 2020)
Hemp seeds may help lower levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol while increasing HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, promoting a healthier balance. Therefore, maintaining a balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids is important for overall health and hemp seeds naturally provide a balanced ratio of these essential fats. Hemp seed oil, derived from the seeds, contains compounds such as gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which has anti-inflammatory effects. These properties may be beneficial for conditions related to inflammation, such as arthritis or inflammatory skin disorders. Essential fatty acids, particularly omega-3s are also crucial for brain health and cognitive function. They play a role in the development and maintenance of the brain’s cell membranes. Including hemp seeds in the diet may support cognitive function and may be beneficial for conditions such as ADHD or mood disorders. The fatty acids present in hemp seeds contribute to healthy skin by providing moisture and supporting the skin’s barrier function.
Hemp seed oil is often used in skincare products due to its moisturizing properties and potential to alleviate skin conditions like eczema and dermatitis. Omega-6 fatty acids, including GLA found in hemp seeds play a role in hormone regulation and may be beneficial for women experiencing premenstrual symptoms (PMS).
Protein
Hemp seeds are a high-quality plant-based protein containing all nine essential amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own. This makes hemp protein a complete protein similar to animal-based proteins like meat, eggs and dairy. These amino acids also support the synthesis of new proteins, aiding in muscle development and recovery after exercise. Some people find plant-based proteins challenging to digest due to compounds like lectins or phytates present in certain plants. Hemp protein, however is well-tolerated by most individuals, making it a suitable option for those with sensitive digestive systems.
Some recent studies have also suggested that hemp proteins and peptides may exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, potentially contributing to the reduction of inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is associated with various health conditions, including heart disease and certain autoimmune disorders. Including hemp seeds in the diet can support overall immune function as proteins play a vital role in the functioning of the immune system. The antibodies and immune system cells responsible for defending the body against infections and illnesses are composed of proteins. Therefore, incorporating hemp seeds into a balanced and varied diet can contribute to overall health and well-being, especially for those seeking plant-based protein alternatives.
Dietary Fibre
Hemp seeds are a good source of both soluble and insoluble fibre. Fibre is essential for digestive health, promoting regular bowel movements and supporting a healthy gut microbiome. The high insoluble fibre content of hemp seed adds bulk to the stool and promotes regular bowel movements that help in preventing constipation and maintaining a healthy digestive system. Fibre, especially soluble fibre can increase feelings of fullness and satiety. This can be beneficial for weight management as it may reduce overall food intake by making you feel satisfied with smaller portions. Soluble fibre found in hemp seeds can help regulate blood sugar levels by slowing down the absorption of sugar. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing the condition.
Both soluble and insoluble fibre contributes to heart health. Soluble fibre can help lower levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, commonly known as “bad” cholesterol. Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels is essential for cardiovascular health. Some studies suggest that a high-fibre diet may contribute to lower blood pressure, further supporting heart health. Dietary fibre, particularly the soluble type has been associated with anti-inflammatory effects in the body. Chronic inflammation is linked to various health issues, including cardiovascular disease and certain inflammatory conditions.
Soluble fibre may have fibrinolytic activity, meaning it can help prevent the formation of blood clots. This is another aspect of how fibre contributes to cardiovascular health by reducing the risk of clot-related complications. Some types of fibre in hemp seeds act as prebiotics, promoting the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria. A healthy gut microbiota is associated with various aspects of overall well-being, including immune function and mental health. Adequate fibre intake has been linked to a lower risk of colorectal cancer. Insoluble fibre, in particular helps move waste through the digestive system, reducing the time that potentially harmful substances are in contact with the colon lining.
Vitamins and Minerals
Hemp seeds are a rich source of various vitamins and minerals, including vitamin E, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc (Jagdale et al., 2021). These nutrients are critical for maintaining bone health, immune function and overall well-being (Farinon et al., 2020). Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant found in hemp seeds, plays a vital role in protecting cells from oxidative damage. Vitamin E is also known for its role in promoting collagen production and maintaining skin health by preventing oxidative stress (Montero et al., 2023). Furthermore, hemp seeds are an excellent source of magnesium, a vital mineral involved in numerous biochemical reactions in the body. Magnesium is essential for muscle and nerve function, energy production as well as the regulation of blood sugar and blood pressure. Additionally, hemp seeds are a good source of phosphorus, an essential mineral that plays a pivotal role in bone health and energy metabolism and is also crucial for the formation and maintenance of strong bones and teeth.
Hemp seeds also contain potassium, a mineral that helps regulate fluid balance, muscle contractions and nerve signals. Potassium is known for its role in maintaining healthy blood pressure levels by counteracting the effects of sodium. Furthermore, hemp seeds contain iron, a vital component of haemoglobin that is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood. Iron is essential for preventing iron-deficiency anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and impaired cognitive function. Lastly, hemp seeds contain calcium, a mineral crucial for bone health, muscle function and nerve transmission. Calcium is necessary for the development and maintenance of strong bones and teeth and it plays a crucial role in preventing osteoporosis.
Antioxidants
Hemp seeds contain antioxidants such as vitamin E and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which help protect the body from oxidative stress and may have anti-inflammatory effects. Skincare products that contain antioxidants may help to protect your skin from premature ageing. The endocannabinoid system is a crucial molecular system that regulates homeostasis and is increasingly being targeted by pharmacotherapy. Endocannabinoids are cannabinoids that are ester, ether, or amide derivatives of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like arachidonic acid. They mainly act as cannabinoid receptor ligands and belong to a larger group of compounds called cannabinoids.
Cannabinoids are chemical derivatives of dibenzopyrene or monoterpenoid. The most important of these are Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidiol (CBD), and they are biologically active compounds found in Cannabis sativa L (Morales et al., 2017). The medical use of cannabinoids, particularly phytocannabinoids, has been an interesting approach to pharmacotherapy in recent years. CBD is one of the main pharmacologically active phytocannabinoids. It is non-psychoactive and has several beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. (Atalay et al., 2020)
Processing of Hemp Seeds
The processing of hemp seeds involves several steps to extract the various valuable components, including the outer shell, inner seed, oil, and protein. The following is a detailed overview of the processing of hemp seeds:
Harvesting
Hemp plants are typically harvested when the seeds are mature, and the plant’s THC content is within legal limits. The timing of harvesting is crucial to ensure the seeds have reached their peak nutritional value. Hemp plants are generally harvested when their seeds are fully mature, and the flowers have started to wither and turn brown. This stage is usually reached after 16 to 20 weeks of planting, although it can vary depending on the specific variety and growing conditions. (Morar et al., 2010)
Drying
After harvesting, the hemp plants are dried to reduce moisture content. This step is essential for preventing mold and preserving the quality of the seeds. Here’s how hemp seeds are typically dried:
Field Drying:
To prepare hemp seeds for consumption, they undergo several processing steps. The first step is cleaning, which involves removing impurities like leaves, stems, and other plant debris using either mechanical methods or air separators. The next step is dehulling, where the hard outer shell of the hemp seed is removed to gain access to the nutrient-rich inner seed. This is achieved through dehulling processes. (Lin et al., 2021)
Indoor Drying:
For the extraction of hemp oil, the seeds undergo a process of milling, where they are crushed and broken into smaller pieces. The milled seeds then go through a screening process to remove any residual debris and ensure a consistent product. The seeds are subsequently cold-pressed to preserve their nutrient content.
Air Drying:
Hemp seed oil is a rich source of essential fatty acids, such as omega-3 and omega-6. The oil may undergo refining processes to remove impurities and achieve a clearer appearance, depending on the intended use of the end product. (Lin et al., 2021)
Cleaning
The dried hemp plants undergo a cleaning process to remove impurities such as leaves, stems and other plant debris. This can be done using mechanical methods or air separators.
Dehulling
Hemp seeds have a hard outer shell or hull that needs to be removed to access the nutritious inner seed. Dehulling can be achieved through mechanical processes, which crack the outer shell to release the edible part.
Sorting
The dehulled seeds may go through sorting processes to separate any remaining hull fragments and ensure a uniform product.
Cold Pressing for Oil
For hemp oil extraction, the seeds are cold-pressed to preserve the nutritional content. Cold pressing involves mechanically squeezing the seeds to extract the oil without the use of heat or chemicals. The resulting hemp seed oil is rich in essential fatty acids, particularly omega-3 and omega-6. (Aladic et al., 2014)
Oil Refining (Optional)
Depending on the desired end product, the hemp seed oil may undergo refining processes to remove impurities and achieve a clearer appearance. This step is optional and varies based on the intended use of the oil.
Protein Extraction
The remaining seed cake from oil pressing can be ground into a powder to extract hemp protein. This hemp protein powder is high in protein and may undergo further processing to remove fibre and achieve a finer texture.
Packaging
The processed hemp seeds, oil and protein are then packaged for distribution. Proper packaging helps protect the products from environmental factors such as light and air, ensuring their freshness and nutritional integrity. It’s important to note that the processing methods can vary depending on the intended final product. Some companies may produce whole hemp seeds, while others may focus on oil or protein extraction. Additionally, advancements in technology and processing techniques may lead to variations in the methods used by different manufacturers.
Consumers should look for products that are processed using methods that preserve the nutritional content of hemp seeds, such as cold pressing for oil and gentle processing for protein. Always check product labels for information on processing methods and ensure that the hemp products meet quality and safety standards. (Promhuad et al., 2022)
Culinary Applications
Conclusion
In conclusion, the advancements in processing hemp for health and wellness products have opened up new possibilities for harnessing the benefits of this versatile plant. With improved techniques, we can extract more of the beneficial compounds from hemp, such as CBD for use in various products like oils, lotions and edibles. These products have the potential to provide relief for a range of health issues, from pain and inflammation to anxiety and sleep disorders. As research and technology continue to evolve, we can expect even more innovative hemp-based products to emerge, offering consumers new ways to improve their well-being naturally.
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